1. Definition:

• Boiling is a phase transition from a liquid to a gas that occurs when a substance’s temperature reaches its boiling point under normal atmospheric pressure.

2. Boiling Point:

• The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which its vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure, causing it to boil.
• Different substances have different boiling points due to variations in intermolecular forces.

3. Factors Affecting Boiling Point:

• Atmospheric pressure: Higher pressure can raise the boiling point, while lower pressure can lower it.
• Type of substance: The strength of intermolecular forces (e.g., hydrogen bonding) affects boiling points. Substances with stronger forces typically have higher boiling points.

4. Boiling Process:

• As a liquid is heated, its temperature increases until it reaches the boiling point.
• At the boiling point, the liquid absorbs heat energy, but its temperature remains constant until all of it is converted into vapor.
• Once all the liquid has vaporized, further heating causes the temperature of the vapor to rise.

5. Vaporization vs. Boiling:

• Vaporization is the general process of a substance changing from a liquid to a gas, which includes both boiling and evaporation.
• Evaporation occurs at the surface of a liquid at temperatures below the boiling point, while boiling happens throughout the liquid at the boiling point.

6. Uses of Boiling:

• Cooking: Boiling is commonly used for cooking various food items, such as pasta, vegetables, and eggs.
• Sterilization: Boiling water can be used to sterilize drinking water, medical instruments, and baby bottles.
• Chemical Reactions: Boiling is used in chemistry for various reactions and separations.

7. Boiling Point Elevation and Depression:

• Adding solutes (like salt) to a solvent (like water) can raise the boiling point (boiling point elevation) or lower it (boiling point depression).

8. Phase Diagrams:

• Phase diagrams illustrate the relationship between temperature, pressure, and the states of matter (solid, liquid, gas) for a substance.

9. Importance of Boiling:

• Boiling is crucial in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, food processing, and petrochemicals, for purification, separation, and product formation.

10. Safety Precautions:
– When boiling liquids, especially those that are flammable or hazardous, it’s essential to follow safety guidelines to prevent accidents and burns..

Let’s practice!