Electric Current:

1. Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor.
2. It is measured in amperes (A) using an ammeter.
3. Current flows from the positive terminal to the negative terminal of a power source (conventional current).
4. In metals, current is carried by electrons moving from negative to positive (electron flow).

Voltage (Electric Potential Difference):

1. Voltage (V) is the electric potential difference that causes current to flow in a circuit.
2. It is measured in volts (V) using a voltmeter.
3. Voltage provides the “push” or “pressure” that drives electrons through a circuit.

Resistance:

1. Resistance (R) opposes the flow of electric current in a circuit.
2. It is measured in ohms (Ω).
3. Factors affecting resistance include the material, length, cross-sectional area, and temperature of a conductor.
4. Ohm’s Law relates voltage, current, and resistance: V = I * R.

Ohm’s Law:

1. Ohm’s Law states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it and inversely proportional to its resistance.
2. Mathematically, Ohm’s Law is expressed as V = I * R.

Series and Parallel Circuits:

1. In a series circuit, components are connected end-to-end, and the same current flows through all components.
2. In a parallel circuit, components are connected in branches, and the voltage across each component is the same, but the currents may differ.
3. Series circuits have higher total resistance, while parallel circuits have lower total resistance.

Power:

1. Power (P) in an electric circuit is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.
2. It is measured in watts (W).
3. Power can be calculated using the formula P = V * I or P = I² * R.

Circuit Symbols:

1. Electrical components are represented by standardized symbols in circuit diagrams.
2. Common symbols include resistors, capacitors, batteries, switches, and wires.

Safety Precautions:

1. Always turn off the power before working on a circuit.
2. Use appropriate safety gear, such as gloves and safety goggles.
3. Insulate and secure wires to prevent short circuits.
4. Be cautious of overheating components.

Circuit Types:

1. Simple circuits include power sources (batteries or power supplies) and connected components (resistors, lights, etc.).
2. More complex circuits can include transistors, diodes, capacitors, and integrated circuits (ICs).

Electrical Energy and Conservation:

1. Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh).
2. Conservation of energy principles apply to electrical circuits; energy is neither created nor destroyed but is converted from one form to another.

Let’s practice!