Use hyphens in compound adjectives
Key Notes:
A compound adjective is an adjective made up of more than one word. In general, use a hyphen to join the words of a compound adjective before the noun it is modifying. Do not use a hyphen when the compound adjective comes after the noun or pronoun it is modifying.
an open-ended question | the question is open ended |
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that well-known actor | that actor is well known |
my two-year-old cousin | my cousin is two years old |
Compound adjectives always use a hyphen when the last word of the compound is free or the first word of the compound is self.
the cold-blooded frog | the frog is cold-blooded |
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a self-conscious person | a person who is self-conscious |
Compound adjectives never use a hyphen when the first word of the compound is an adverb ending in -ly or when the compound relates to a region or nationality.
freshly washed sheets | sheets that are freshly washed |
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the Latin American artist | the artist is Latin American |
Note that there are special situations where two adjacent modifiers do not form a compound. For example, adjectives modified by adverbs of degree (such as more, most, least, very or rather) are never considered compounds, so they do not use a hyphen.
a more effective leader | the leader is more effective |
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Adjacent adjectives are only considered a compound if the first adjective describes the second adjective rather than the noun.
an expensive new desk | an expensive-looking desk |
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In the first example, the desk is expensive. In the second example, the desk isn’t expensive, but it looks expensive.
Learn with an example
Add hyphens to compound adjectives where necessary. If no hyphens are needed, submit the text without making any changes.
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- Wind pollinated plants, such as grasses, release a huge amount of pollen into the air.
Wind-pollinated is a compound adjective, and it comes before the noun it modifies. It needs a hyphen.
Add hyphens to compound adjectives where necessary. If no hyphens are needed, submit the text without making any changes.
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- Some cold blooded animals can fight an infection by lowering their body temperatures to slow the growth rate of harmful bacteria.
Cold-blooded is a compound adjective, and it comes before the noun it modifies. It needs a hyphen.
Add hyphens to compound adjectives where necessary. If no hyphens are needed, submit the text without making any changes.
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- ‘Our user friendly website makes it easy to manage accounts online,’ boasted the bank representative.
User-friendly is a compound adjective, and it comes before the noun it modifies. It needs a hyphen.
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